NUMA NUMA IEI: Infinity Fabric Bandwidths

The news about AMD using four Zeppelin dies from Ryzen to form EPYC is not new news, having been shown several times before. However, given the design of the silicon and how the cores communicate, there has been a few worries about how the intra-package communications will be affected by not being a single monolithic die. Beyond that, socket-to-socket communications can also be an issue without sufficient latency and bandwidth.

In a single monolithic die, the latency to access other cores is usually a predictable average, with a regular latency and bandwidth out to the memory channels. Because EPYC has two memory channels per die, if a core needs to access DRAM associated with another die, it adds additional hops and latency to the access, slowing down potential instruction throughput. In the land of dual socket systems, this is known as NUMA: Non-Unified Memory Architecture. The way around a NUMA environment is data locality – keeping the data that a core needs as close as feasibly possible. Solving NUMA is a difficult task, and attempted both at the silicon and software level. Most high-end professional software packages designed for dual-socket systems are NUMA aware, and are designed to compensate for this. The majority of non-high-end software though, is not.

Intra-Socket

With the quad-die design, a single EPYC processor might essentially have four zones for NUMA to occur, based on communication paths. AMD went to specifically address this issue in their design briefings.

Within a single processor, each of the three dies is directly linked to each other through the Infinity Fabric, so only one hop is ever needed when data goes off-die. The connectivity here is set at a bidirectional 42.6 GB/sec per link, at around an average energy of ~2 pJ per bit (or 0.672W per link, 0.336W per die per link, totaling 4.032W for the chip). It is worth noting that Intel’s eDRAM for Broadwell was set as a 50 GB/s bidirectional link, so in essence moving off die in EPYC has a slightly slower bandwidth than Crystalwell. With a total of six links within the silicon, that provides a total of 2 terabits per second of data movement, although AMD didn’t state what the bottlenecks or latency values were.

Inter-Socket

Socket-to-socket communication is designed at the die level, rather than going through a singular interface. One die in each processor is linked to the same die in the other processor, meaning that for the worst-case scenario data has to make two hops to reach a core or memory controller on the other side of the system. Each link has a bidirectional 37.9 GB/s bandwidth, which is only slightly less than the intra-socket communication bandwidth, although we would expect socket-to-socket to have a slightly higher latency based on distance. AMD has not shared latency numbers at this time.

At 37.9 GB/s per link, this totals 152 GB/s between sockets, which AMD states runs at an average of 9 pJ per bit. So at full speed, this link will consume 10.94W between the two sockets, or 5.48W per processor and 1.368W per silicon die.

Totaling the 1.368W per die for socket-to-socket plus 3*0.336W per die for intra-socket communications, the Infinity Fabric can consume 2.376W per silicon die on average when going at full speed.

Infinity Fabric Latency

AMD has not provided Infinity Fabric numbers for latency. We are waiting on information, but this is likely going to be a critical answer for some software packages. Based on testing done by PC Perspective, we already know some latency numbers within a single Zeppelin die from the Ryzen platform. This allows us to fill in the following table showing how long it takes to ping another core:

EPYC (Naples) Thread Ping Connections
  Latency Bandwidth
Within A Core 26 ns -
Core-to-Core, Same CCX 42 ns -
Core-to-Core, Different CCX, Same Die 142 ns -
Die-to-Die, Same Package ? 42.6 GB/s
Die-to-Die, Different Socket, One Hop ? 37.9 GB/s
Die-to-Die, Different Socket, Two Hops ? 37.9 GB/s
Core to DRAM, Same Die ? 42.6 GB/s
Core to DRAM, Different Die ? 42.6 GB/s
Core to DRAM, Different Socket, One Hop ? 37.9 GB/s
Core to DRAM, Different Socket, Two Hops ? 37.9 GB/s

 

PCIe Bandwidth

Each Zeppelin die can create two PCIe 3.0 x16 links, which means a full EPYC processor is capable of eight x16 links totaling the 128 PCIe lanes presented earlier. AMD has designed these links such that they can support both PCIe at 8 GT/s and Infinity Fabric at 10.6 GT/s, although in PCIe mode this means 32GB/s of bidirectional bandwidth per link, suitable for 256GB/s per socket. One of AMD’s proposed benefits here is link bifurcation support:

Each x16 link can support Infinity Fabric (green), PCIe (blue) and SATA (dark blue). PCIe can be bifurcated all the way down to sets of x1, although there will be a limit of 8 PCIe devices per x16 link, but this becomes a mix and match game: x8 + x4 + x2 + x1 + x1 + x1 + x1 becomes entirely valid for a single x16 link, and each CPU has eight of these such links. For the SATA connectivity, each x16 link can support 8 SATA drives as a result. If you really want 64 devices per processor, welcome to your platform without buying PCIe switches. AMD states that as an NVMe implementation, supporting 32 NVMe devices is going to be no sweat for an EPYC system.

This also relates to the Sever Controller Hub, which acts as part of the design offering four USB 3.0 ports, SMBus, I2C, SPI, eSPI, TPM, GPIOs, timers and UARTs.

Combining The Bandwidth

Altogether, AMD is stating that they are relatively unconcerned about NUMA related issues, with bandwidth between dies and between sockets being relatively similar. It is worth noting that the 42.6 GB/s die-to-die bandwidth is identical to the dual-channel memory bandwidth quoted per die:

Time will tell if these become bottlenecks. Latency numbers please, I’d love to fill in that table above.

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  • Gothmoth - Tuesday, June 20, 2017 - link

    i read AMD reduced the benchmark numbers for intel by 46% because of compiler benefits for intel...

    can someone look at the fineprint and confirm or rebunk this???
  • spikebike - Tuesday, June 20, 2017 - link

    Well AMD is comparing a benchmark compiled with gcc-6.2 and running on Intel vs the same benchmark comiled with gcc-6.2 and running on AMD. For people who compile their own binaries with gcc this is quite fair. However intel's compiler is sometimes substantially faster than gcc, question is are the binaries you care about (Games? Handbrake? Something else?) compiled with intel's compiler or gcc?
  • Gothmoth - Tuesday, June 20, 2017 - link

    you could be right but it reads on tomshardware as if they just take the numbers provided by intel and reduce them.. they actually don´t test on intel. the just take numbers from intel and reduce them by 46%.
  • hamoboy - Tuesday, June 20, 2017 - link

    From what I read they tested the flagship Xeon, found the performance multiplier (~0.57), then extrapolated them across the rest of the range. So not completely scummy, but still cause to wait for actual benchmarks.
  • TC2 - Wednesday, June 21, 2017 - link

    according to the numbers
    E5-2698 v4 / EPYC 7551 ~~ 1.11
    all this looks quite misleading! but this is amd :)
  • TC2 - Wednesday, June 21, 2017 - link

    1.11 per core i mean to say
  • Ryan Smith - Tuesday, June 20, 2017 - link

    We still need to independently confirm the multiplier, but yes, AMD is reducing Intel's official SPEC scores.

    "Scores for these E5 processors extrapolated from test results published at www.spec.org, applying a conversion multiplier to each published score"
  • davegraham - Tuesday, June 20, 2017 - link

    Jeff @ Techreport has the multiplier officially listed.
  • deltaFx2 - Wednesday, June 21, 2017 - link

    Intel "cheats" in the icc compiler when compiling SPEC workloads. Libquantum is most notorious for such cheating but many others are also prone to this issue. In Libq, the icc compiler basically reorganize the datastructures and memory layout to get excellent vectorization, and I think 1/10th the bandwidth requirements as compared to gcc -O2. These transformations are there only for libquantum so it has little to no use for general workloads. Hence gcc (and llvm) reject such transformations. It's not unlike VW's emission defeat devices, actually.

    Go to Ars Technica. They have the full dump of slides. AMD does benchmark Xeon 1 or 2 systems themselves. However for some of the graphs where Xeon data is presented, they use Intel's published numbers (on icc of course), and derate it by this factor to account for this cheating. You could argue that AMD should have benched all the systems themselves and that's fair enough. But I don't think Tom's hardware is exactly qualified to know or state that the derate is 20% and not 40% or whatever. They benchmark consumer hardware, and wouldn't know a thing about this. So any number coming from these sources are dubious.
  • patrickjp93 - Wednesday, June 21, 2017 - link

    Wrong. See the CPPCon 2015/2016 "Compiler Switches" talks. ICC does not CHEAT at all. It hasn't since 2014.

    Intel wins purely on merit.

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